What effect can denser-than-air COTAs have on atmospheric dispersion outcomes?

Denser-than-air COTAs (Chemical, Oil, and Tanker Accidents) can significantly influence atmospheric dispersion outcomes by potentially shortening the downwind distances to fixed concentration levels. This occurs because denser-than-air materials tend to settle closer to the ground, creating a higher concentration in the lower atmosphere.

As these denser substances are released, they may not rise as lighter gases would; instead, they spread horizontally and travel along the surface. This behavior can result in higher concentration plumes being detected nearer to the source of the release compared to lighter materials that would disperse more rapidly and rise higher in the atmosphere. Consequently, the effectiveness of dispersion mechanisms—such as wind and turbulence—is diminished for these heavier substances, leading to a more concentrated impact over shorter distances.

Understanding this phenomenon is critical for planners and emergency responders to evaluate potential risks and implement effective responses during an incident involving denser-than-air substances.